Alex Tang
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Medical Students /Paediatric notes
Gene-edited Children are here: Scientists playing God again?
On 26 November 2018, the world was stunned by the news that gene-edited girls were born in China. This was confirmed two days later by He Jiankui during a gene-editing summit in Hong Kong. There has not been any independent verification that the two gene-edited girls have actually been born so far. The reason given for the gene- editing was to disable a gene called CCR5 and thus make the person immune to HIV.
CRISPR, the technology to edit genes, has been around for a number of years. CRISPR is the abbreviation for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. It enables scientists to edit genes by allowing them to add, delete and ‘cut-and-paste’ the genetic code. It was a major breakthrough. By almost unanimous consensus of most government and scientific communities, gene-editing of human beings has been out of bounds. Until now. The major concern of gene- editing and gene therapy in general is that while we know what a specific gene can do, we do not know what the interactions and effect a particular gene can have on the whole genome, what scientists called the ‘off target effects’. Thus modifying a specific gene can have unforeseen circumstances on the person. The other main issue is that gene-editing may not affect all the cells resulting in mosaicism - a condition in which the person has two set of cells; the normal cell and the gene-edited cells. No one knows how this will affect a human being. What is even more shocking about He’s claim is that he helped to birth two gene-edited girls. This means that the edited genes of these children may be transmitted to their children.
We have been improving and enhancing human beings since we appear on this earth. Through new knowledge in medicine, science and technology, we have been making humans healthier, live longer, able to recover from some diseases while limiting the effect of other diseases, participating in selective breeding through socioeconomic policies, and replacing missing parts with ever sophisticated appendices. We can even change our physical appearance and sexual bodies through surgery. Until recently, we have not touched the human genome. The mapping of the human genome was completed in April 2003. CRISPR, developed in 2009, was already used to edit human gene as part of an experiment in 2015.
Should scientists be allowed to edit the human genome? What is the Christian perspective on this? It must be recognized that this is not a simple issue. There are many people who may benefit from this technology:
1. There are people suffering from diseases caused by a mutated gene which is either inherited or by mutation. In principle, these people may be cured by gene-editing, either removing, modifying or replacing with a normal gene.
2. There are people who are well but are at high risk for future disease. Most inherited cases of breast cancer are associated with mutations in two genes: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene two). At present, women with either or both of these genes are advised to undergo a total removal of both breasts because the risk of breast cancer is too high. There are also identifiable genes for heart disease, diabetes, cancer, baldness, Huntington Chorea and others. Would gene-editing be beneficial for them?
3. Using gene-editing human T cells to kill cancer cells. T-cells are the soldiers of our immune system. If we can gene-edit these T cells to attack the cancer cells in the body, we can effectively cure people who are suffering from cancer.
4. There are people who want some sort of enhancement to their genetic makeup for various reasons.
Christian response to gene-editing is often based on the value of the embryo, and the imago dei or the image of God. Genome editing acknowledges the value of the embryo and respect to the imago dei so these arguments are not arguments against it. The Church has slowly assimilated most medical advances into her traditions and theology. The discovery of penicillin to combat infectious disease, the technological improvements of surgery, in-vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies, contraception, organ transplants are all examples of gradual acceptance by the Church in spite of initial resistance. Will the Church accepts gene-editing for people in groups (1), (2) and (3) above? Many Christians seem to think so. In the July 26, 2018 Pew Report, 57 percent of highly religious Americans support gene editing as compared to 72 percent of all Americans. (Pew identifies highly religious Americans as those who attend services at least weekly, pray daily, and say that religion is very important in their lives.)
Jeff Hardin, Professor and Chair of the Department of Integrative Biology and Faculty Director of the Biology Core Curriculum at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a committed Christian noted,
These considerations lead me to a few suggestions for Christians in their thinking about genome editing. First, in thinking through how we ought to apply technology to the embryo, we should aim to treat the embryo as a patient and an end, a begotten gift, rather than a means, at all stages of development. Secondly, we must balance two realities of our relationship to technology. On the one hand, Christians are called to love, which means we ought to use technology to prevent disease. On the other hand, we should be wary of excessive technological optimism, especially when the use of technology violates important Christian values. Clearly, these considerations are in tension with one another, but we must seek to balance the two truths against one another.
In our consideration of a Christian perspective of genome editing, we may be asking the wrong question. Instead of asking the biology of or the technology of, we should be asking the spirituality of. What does the Bible teach about the advocacy for the poor, the sick, the defenseless, and the disadvantaged? And what does the Bible teach about love. Perhaps then, we are ready to discuss the Christian perspective of gene-editing.
03 December 2018
